By James E. Mark, Burak Erman, Mike Roland
The third version of The technological know-how and know-how of Rubber offers a extensive survey of elastomers with specific emphasis on fabrics with a rubber-like elasticity. As within the 2d version, the emphasis is still on a unified therapy of the fabric; exploring issues from the chemical points akin to elastomer synthesis and curing, via contemporary theoretical advancements and characterization of equilibrium and dynamic houses, to the ultimate functions of rubber, together with tire engineering and production.
Many advances were made in polymer and elastomers study during the last ten years because the second version was once released. up to date fabric stresses the continual courting among the continued examine in synthesis, physics, constitution and mechanics of rubber know-how and commercial purposes. specific cognizance is paid to fresh advances in rubber-like elasticity thought and new processing strategies for elastomers. This re-creation is constructed from 20% new fabric, together with a brand new bankruptcy on environmental concerns and tire recycling.
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Additional info for The Science and Technology of Rubber
Example text
Rupture) at a critical tensile strain ec , given approximately by ec = 5h 2 /6a 2 and at a corresponding critical value of the applied tensile load, obtained by substituting this value of e in Eq. 33). To avoid internal fractures of this kind, it is thus necessary to restrict the mean tensile stress applied to thin bonded blocks to less than about E/3. In compression, on the other hand, quite large stresses can be supported. A stress limit can be calculated by assuming that the maximum shear stress, developed at the bonded edges, should not exceed G; that is, the maximum shear deformation should not exceed about 100%.
Hence, it is apparent that it was not the development of an understanding of polymerization that led to the invention of synthetic rubber, but perhaps the reverse. In contrast, it was the new science of organic macromolecules, whose foundations were established by Staudinger, which expanded rapidly during the 1930s and 1940s, and pointed the way to the synthesis of a vast array of new polymeric materials, including synthetic fibers and plastics and even new elastomers. This new science included the classical studies of polycondensation by Carothers and Flory and the establishment of the principles governing free radical chain addition reactions by Schulz, Flory, Mayo, and others (Flory, 1953a; Morawetz, 1985).
5, so that the modulus becomes a somewhat uncertain quantity. It is customary to characterize the modulus, stiffness, or hardness of rubbers by measuring their elastic indentation by a rigid die of prescribed size and shape under specified loading conditions. Various nonlinear scales are employed to derive a value of hardness from such measurements (Soden, 1952). 18. Many rubber products are normally subjected to fairly small deformations, rarely exceeding 25% in extension or compression or 75% in simple shear.